Thursday, 23 February 2017

interview codes and conventions


Interviews codes and conventions

Interview techniques

There are many different question types that are used during interviews. This is to create different answers from the interviewee, also the questions will be designed differently to fit the interviewee directly as the interviewer may know how the interviewee will react differently to different types of questions.

The question types used in interviews are. Open, closed, single, multiple, direct, and suggestive. Firstly I will be describing the purpose and techniques of open questions, an open questions is a question that has no yes or no answer. This is why it is called an open question because it is up for interpretation by the interviewee. It also means that they have to give a descriptive response which would create interest for the audience. An example of this would be louis throuex interview styling. This is because he uses very open questions because in his documentary’s he is interested in the interviewee’s opiouns   such as in the documentary ultra Zionists, louis asks a man “why are you angrey?” this is an open question as the interviewee cannot give a yes or no ansewer and goes into detail about why he is angrey. This creates intrest for the viewer as in ment the man told a story as you can see in the clip.


Next I will be describing closed question, a closed question is when the interviewer ask a yes or no question this is desised to be quick a prisis an example of this would be is somebody ask you “do you like dogs?”. This Is a closed question because because you have to answer yes or no because there are no other options. Another reason why a closed question would be used is so that the interviewer has no wiggle room. This is because the interviewee has to answer the question. This is often used in political questioning such as in the Jeremy Paxman and Michael Howard interview. Jermey  Paxman is know for his aggression during interviews and his bluntness. This means he cuts to the chase using closed questions, as he normally interviews position’s they will try and not answer the question directly but by asking a closed question they have no choice but to answer yes or no. In the clip you can see this in action as the first question Paxman asks is a closed question. As he cuts straight to the point as he knows that his interviewee will try and get around the question.




Single questions is where the interviewer asks just one main  question that relates directly to what the interviewer is trying to find out. The single question is usually the main question that the interviewer ask’s, after they have built some repor with the interviewee. The purpose of a single question is to cut straight to the point and so the interviewee can explain them self’s so it is very rarely a closed question so the interviewee can talk for a period of time. An example of a single question might be “why do you believe that the election system does not work?” this is a single question as it is a main question and cuts straight to the point. Again, Jermay Paxman is an example as he uses a lot of single questions to find out exactly what he wants to know.

Multiple question is when the interviewer asks more than one question at once or a question is intertwined with another. This is normally done to get the interviewee talking if they are being very blunt with their answers as they have to explain themselves and give more detail to what they are saying or describing.  Also multiple questions will be interlinking and may not be at the same time for example if the interviewer asked “wear where you at the time?” and then asked “why where you their” this is interlinking as the two questions are closely related. Some multiple question are not planned are devised from the interviewee’s response to the question’s asked. This is so the interviewer would get more information. Louis throuex is another good example for using multiple question this is because he only plans out the main questions and comes up with the other questions based of the interviewee’s response. An example of louis Thourex doing this is in the documentary “Law and Enforcement Lagos” where in the clip below from 2:23 louis interviewee’s a man asking him mulitiple questions getting him to explain himself such as, “do you ever worry that you catch the small fry the little guys who are out sell streets trying to make a living or bit it in a illegal way?” after this the man does not understand completely so louis givies examples of what he means and leads it into more questioning. Making this question a mulitlple question.


Furthermore, direct questions are when the interviewer asks a very blunt question getting directly to the point of the interview. They are generally used in hard news as they are very blunt and trying to get an instant response. Such as in political interviews, they are used here because politicians are very skilled at asking at avoiding the question. But in the use of a direct question they is no way of getting around it without seeming incompetent or like they are hiding something from the viewer which would be very bad for a policain to be like. Another example of where direct questions are used is in trails when the prosecutor asks a question to a witness or the prosecuted, you can see this in the link bellow clip of the trail of Marty McCulloch, where the prosecutor asks direct question towards the witness such as “How do you know Evan Shem?” and “how many people had the security code?”. these are direct questions because they are cutting directly to the point trying to get the information straight out of the witness and not detouring from the point that the prosecutor is making.


Finally, there are suggestive questions this is when the interviewer, will make the interviewee think suggesting that they think in a particular way or leading them into a specific response such as “your like dogs don’t you?” this question is suggestive as they are going to make the interviewee think about the question and it is suggesting they do like dog’s so they are more likely going to give that response as they will think it’s what the interviewer wants to hear. Suggestive being this way makes them very manipulative as it is sort of giving the interviewee the right answer even though it might not be. An example of this would be in the link bellow where suggestive questions are explained by using different phrasing of the same question and getting different responses to the same question depending how they are leading the interviewee.




Interview styling

There is a verity of types of interview styling this is designed to fit the purpose of the interview. By this I mean that some interviews have a unique purpose to find out something specific such as a political interview which would generally be hard news and combative as the interviewer will be direct to the point to find out specific information.

The different types of interview stylings are; hard news, combative, light-hearted, entertainment, investigative and promotional. The different stylings are designed around the interviewee to get the right information out of them. Also, it is designed for the type of programme the interview will be on such as you would have a entertainment style interview on a show such as the Graham Norton show.

The fist type of interview styling I will be explaining is hard news. Hard news is the important news that is going in in the world it is designed to attract the viewers’ attention as it is serious and something that just must be known by everybody. An example of where hard news might be seen would be on the cover of a newspaper as it is important and will captivate the viewers’ attention. Hard news is also used in Tv such as in the formate of BBC breakfast they will always start with the hard new to get the viewers attention so they carry on watching the show and keep up to date with the problems in the world. As you can see in the clip bellow there is hard news talking about the election on fox news. This is hard news as it is very serious and important to know.


The next form of interview styling I will be explaining is combative. Combative is the most aggressive form of interview styling. It is where the interviewer will ask very direct and closed questions to get what they want out of the interviewee. This styling is often used for politicians as they will try and avoid the questions but cannot storm out of the interview as it would look bad on their campaign or ideas. An example of when of a combative interviewer is Jeremey Paxman. Jeremey Paxman has a very aggressive form of interviewing mainly asking direct and closed questions to the interviewee to get what he wants out of them. An example of when he did this would be the Jeremey Paxman VS Russel brand interview.
In The interview Paxman will use very few open and closed question's this is because he has obviously researched into Russell brand and discovered how opinionated he is meaning even if he asked a closed question Russell will have a long response meaning direct and suggestive questions are far more appropriate. This show's how it is a very good idea to research into the person you are interview so you can design your questions to get them going.






Light-hearted styling is where the interviewer is not serious and the subject is something easy to talk about and not important this is usually done for entertainment such as interviewing some one who just one a BAFTA or some sort of award. This is because you know that the interview is not going to get heated or trying to find out pressing information. an example of this might be the Phil Baroni interview in the link bellow. This interview is light-hearted because their are no serious questions actually being asked it is more like a friendly conversation.  This is also designed so it is easy for the audience to watch as it is light-hearted it will not make the audience over thing what is happening. This means light news is often intercut with hard news so the audience can be cheered up and carry on watching.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2O7nXbxesEs


Entertainment styling for interviews is where the interview is designed to entertain the audience instead of just  inform them. This means it normally involves interviewing people about topic's of conversation which are not serious. Such as interviewing a celebrity actress about their latest film.
This would just entertain the viewer and inform them about the new film coming up. Entertainment styling often include a lot of anecdotes about the interviewee's life and personal habits that the viewer might find interesting.
An example of a show which uses entertainment styling would be the Graham Norton show. The Graham Norton show is a show produced by BBC one styled to entertain the viewer by interviewer by interviewing celebrities and important people about current topics of conversation in the media and what they are doing. An example of this would be in the clip bellow where Graham Norton is interviewing the celebrities Chris Pratt and Jennifer Laurence. In this interview Graham Norton is asking the two celebrities about their High School year book photo's. As you can probably tell this is not a serious topic conversation and it is all for the entertainment of the viewer not to inform them about a serious topic.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=frDd6orQZLk

 Investigative styling is where the interviewer will try and find out detailed information from the interview so that they can be lead on to find out more information about the subject. The majority of documentaries use this styling as it helps the documentary progress and continue so the audience finds out more information about a specific subject. investigative styling is often very to the point of what the interviewer is trying to find out from the interviewee to help them find out more information, it is sort of like they are researching what is happening so they can find out more about a topic from different people.

an example of a interviewer who does this would be Louis Theroux. Louis Theroux is a documentary maker who creates documentaries and the weird and the unique  subjects or places that the audience do not know a huge amount about.  In his documentaries louis is very involved trying to "investigate" and find out more about the subject or place.
an example of a documentary where he used investigative styling would be Louis Theroux & wrestling. In this documentary Louis trying to find out about the wrestling community in America and how it has become their most popular sport.
This Documentary is investigative because Louis throws him self into the live of the wrestlers trying to find out more information by linking one interview to another. An example of this would be where he interviews an Wrestler asking where he trained and then going to the training centre. This is investigative  because he is linking the interviews together to find out more information.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H9AyFgNxlxE
The final form of styling is promotional styling is where the interviewee is designed to sell something this could be a film, album or even a product. This generally means the interview is with the people who feature in the film or album. The interview would be about the item that the interviewer and interviewee are trying to promote such as a singer talking about there new album.
Generally they will be showing the product they are trying to promote such as an author showing a book that they just realised. This is so the audience know what they are trying to promote.
This type of styling links to two of the other stylings entertainment and light-hearted. this is  because in the interview if they just focused on promoting the product etc.. they would not engage the viewer and it would seem like a shopping channel. This means they make the interview light-hearted and entertaining so that the audience stays engaged in the interview and carry's on watching.
an example of a promotional interview would be the interview on the one show with Ed Sheeren. in the interview they start by making it entertainment styling by talking about his life. but then it became clear it was a promotional interview when the key topic of the interview was about his new Album Divide and talk about the production of the songs ect. which made it clear that in the interview they are trying to market the new album.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QAVHWlzKeao

Structuring

introduction, developmental questions, confidence building, key questions, soundbites, summary, wind- up);


The standard structuring to an interviewing is= made up of seven parts these parts are introduction, developmental questions, confidence building, key questions, soundbites, summary, wind- up. the structer is designed to create a rapore with the interviewee so the interviewer can get what they want out of interviewee. Also it is to create intrest for the viewer and give some sort of start middle and end to the interview so the audience gets context in what the interview is about and give an ending and not just cut off during mid conversation.

The introduction is when, the interviewer introduces the interviewee this is often by asking their name what they do etc.. although sometimes the interviewer does not introduces the interviewee like this commonly in news they will have a bar along the bottom say who the person being interviewed is and what they do. this is because they are often rushed as they are on a time limit and doing this saves the time of introducing the interviewee.
Also in the introduction the interviewer will introduce what the interview is going to about. An example of this would  be where Barbra Walters interviews Taylor swift. Barbra Walters uses a very common form of introduction, in the interview she starts by talking about who Taylor

The developmental questions is where..

The confidence building is where..

The key questions are when the…

The soundbites is when..

The summary is when..

The wind-up is the ending when the..





Communication skills

Communication skills is the skills used to talk to your interviewee and get out of them what the interviewer wants to know. This includes these key attributes: building rapport, active listening, body language; telephone techniques. From these skills, you can see it is many based around how the interviewer acts towards the interviewee.

Building a rapport is when the interviewer…

Active listening is when..

Body language is..

Telephone techniques is ..

building rapport, active listening, body language; telephone techniques, e.g. gathering information, obtaining comments

Journalistic contexts
draw from different context such as print interview so transfer between journalsic contexts and how it would differ in these contexts

print, television, radio, online, news, sport, feature-writers, editorial

Purposes of interviews

the purpose of an interview is to enhance the audience understanding of something this could be factual of a sperfic persons opioun. Also interviews give insight into what is happening in the world how peoples opiouns are involving or giving factual knowledge from a reliable source so the audience learns about a new subject.

The main examples of interview purposes are

Informational such as presenting information

Interpretive such as expressing or explain opinion.

Justification

Accountability

Finally there is emotional this would be allowing the audience insight to a situation.


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